英式音標(biāo)和美式音標(biāo)：dog: 英[d?g] 美[d?ɡ]
?就是大嘴音，念出來類似凹
你可以去百度搜一下，里面有發(fā)音，可以聽，建議你去試一下。
我給你按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IPA 就是國際音標(biāo)講解一下啊，至于你看的哪本字典我不知道，但我參考的是朗文發(fā)音詞典。
總的說 你的漢語注視的解釋是對的，一個(gè)是道格，一個(gè)是大哥，那個(gè)大哥不用那么長。
dog這個(gè)詞正經(jīng)的發(fā)音是英/d?g/美/d?://dαg/。美音中我標(biāo)了兩個(gè)音，說明有些美國人發(fā)前一個(gè)音，有些人發(fā)后一個(gè)音。這種發(fā)后一種/dαg/的現(xiàn)象叫Father-bother合并現(xiàn)象（Father-bother merger），多發(fā)生在美國東北部以外的地方。其實(shí)英美音的不同是因?yàn)樗麄冞€發(fā)生了一個(gè)cot-caught merger，這樣一些美國人也不說/d?:/，直接說/d?g/，然后再加上Father-bother merger，就變成了/dαg/。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IPA中/?/和/α/是一對音，區(qū)別僅僅是/α/不圓嘴，/?/圓嘴。/?/和/?/都圓嘴，發(fā)嗷音，但/?/音的嘴型要比/?/小一些。
你打出來的/a/音和/α/還是不一樣的，它們都發(fā)啊音，但/a/的舌頭要比/α/的舌頭靠前，/α/的舌頭完全靠后，發(fā)音時(shí)有種要唱美聲的感覺，你說的那個(gè)超級(jí)大嘴啊音是指的這個(gè)音，是英國RP的典型特點(diǎn)，叫broad A；/a/是雙元音/ai/的第一個(gè)因素的發(fā)音。我有時(shí)候?yàn)榱朔奖阋灿胊代替α。
關(guān)于英語的音標(biāo)：
congratulation英音：
[k?n,gr?tju'lei??n]
有原音，有輔音，我一般就靠讀音標(biāo)記住單詞。比如上面這個(gè)祝賀，第一字母是讀k，不要發(fā)出音，第二個(gè)o讀額，第三個(gè)n，加點(diǎn)鼻音，連起來就像我們小時(shí)侯學(xué)漢語拼音一樣，有點(diǎn)像“坑”，后面也是一樣的對號(hào)入座，這樣甚至?xí)岣吣愕谋秤浤芰Γ吘拱l(fā)同樣音的在少數(shù)。
1 元音:
1) [i:] 字母組合:ee ea e ie
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please
he she me
piece receive ceiling
2) [i] 發(fā)音字母 i y e
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [? ]發(fā)音字母 a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
4) [e] 字母組合 ea e a
head bread pleasure
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes
many any
5) [?:] 字母組合ir ur ear ur or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
6) [?] 字母組合 er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母組合 ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm
8) [?] 發(fā)音字母 u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough flourish
blood flood
9) [?:]字母組合 al or au our ar
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
10) [?] / [?]發(fā)音字母 o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash
11) [u:] 字母組合 oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
shoe do two
true truth blue full
12) [u] 字母組合 oo ou u o
look good foot book
should could
put full bull pull push
women whose
13) [ei] 發(fā)音字母 a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 發(fā)音字母 i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [au] 字母組合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town
16) [?u] 發(fā)音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) [??] 字母組合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [i?] 字母組合 eer
beer deer ear idea near here fierce
19) [e?] 字母組合ear air
pear bear chair air fair care there where
20) [u?]
tour poor
2 容易混淆的元音
[?] [e]
bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said
[i：] [ei]
real rail greet great mean main read raid
[e] [ai]
bet bite red write said side head hide
[au] [?:]
house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn
[au] [?]
found fond down done gown gone town ton
3輔音
1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push
2) [b] book big boot bike bread break
3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (發(fā)音字母k)
card cat cream correct climb come account accept (發(fā)音字母c)
fox box oxygen x-ray (發(fā)音字母x)
school schedule schema (字母組合ch)
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb
8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
9) [?] uncle bank English think thank junk
sing king morning evening
10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black
world cold could goal soul
11) [r] read red right run room write
12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
cough laugh rough physic photo phone
13) [v] very evening even every voice vest
14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (發(fā)音字母s)
license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (發(fā)音字母c)
licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母組合ce)
15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap
close nose hose suppose pause those whose
16) [θ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth
17) [e] that this those these though
18) [?] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
nation attention station
social special
sure
19) [??] pleasure
20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who
21) [w] when what where window wind wood
22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
23) [t?] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach
24) [d?] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge
joy enjoy join July June junk
25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk
26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts
28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods
4容易混淆的輔音
[v] [w]
vest west vet wet vine wine very well
[s] [θ]
sink think mass math miss myth sort sought
[z] [e]
close cloth breeze breathe
[n] [?]
thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing
添加一點(diǎn):
9) [?:]字母組合 al or au our ar aw
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
draw saw flaw
23) [t?] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母組合ch）
catch watch match （字母組合tch)
5 字母，組合音節(jié)發(fā)音規(guī)律
1）a [ei] [?] [?] [a:] [?:]
late private grade bake grape nation station page
active hand bank fan parent family glad flag
accept about above formative machine cinema
fast last glass class past father
wash what watch want
2）e [i:] [e] [i] [?] 不發(fā)音
appreciate extremely secret she me he
letter left message generate pebble
decide pretty previous result restore
problem prosperous student confident
active table late wife store lecture
3）i [ai] [i]
high price library ice cream wife size line
fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit
4）o [?u] [u:] [?] [?] [?]
lode host cold note okay old home
lose do who whose prove
love some other mother honey company
today tomorrow together control collect
lost hot mock office soft honest
5）u [ju] [u] [?] [?]
university refuse unique universe huge
put push pull full bull
but brush bucket duck bubble
support suggest
6）c [k] [s]
country camp camera courage cable
city ceiling celebrate cell cease
7）g [g] [d?] [?]
girl grade glass glade bag flag
village vegetable bridge gentleman gym
long song sing morning evening
8) l [l] 讀音不同
listen learn language collect English gorilla
world cold soil tall sell cool animal
9) n [n] [?]
moon night noodle number
uncle hungry angry young
10) r [r] [[](美語發(fā)音)
right read write grade progress
card board door floor form north
11）y [j] [i] [ai]
yellow year yell young yolk
university country pretty happy
dyke dying fly buy by my
12）ar [a:] [?] [?:]
farm card garden mark
dollar
warm quarrel quarter
13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i?]
cease season breathe feature meat please
bread breast breath meadow weather
great break
idea realize
14) ear [?:] [i?]
learn earth earn heard
hear near clear ear fear
15) er [?:] [?] [i?]
deserve serve her person
teacher driver anger singer
serious experience mysterious fierce
16） ere [i?] [ε?]
here mere fere sere
there
17) ir [?:] [ai]
shirt girl skirt
admire desire
18) oo [u:] [u] [?] [?:]
room tool cool moon noon goof food
good foot stood wood wool cook wood book
blood flood
door floor
19) or [?:] [?:] [?]
short form corn born for
work world worm word worst
tractor doctor actor sector senior senator
20) oor [?:] [u?]
door floor
moor poor boor
21) our [u?] [?:]
hour tour flour bourn lour
pour court four mourn
22) ou [au] [?] [?]
house mouth mouse sound found
enough trouble touch
delicious gracious prosperous
23) ow [?u] [au]
window meadow know show low
now town how down cow
24) se [z] [s]
nose suppose gose lose pose rose
mouse house
25) th [θ] [e]
thank think thought cloth
clothes that this then than
26) sion [? ? n] [? ? n]
propulsion tension progression passion
protrusion provision conclusion television
27) tion [? ? n] [t? ? n](不常見)
station nation translation attention
question
6關(guān)于語音的幾個(gè)概念:
Phonics 是一種(方法), 是教育學(xué)習(xí)者從字母排列中去拼讀出單個(gè)字來.
AHD表示美語發(fā)音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（簡稱AHD）
KK音標(biāo)是一套(注音符號(hào)系統(tǒng)),是由John Samuel Kenyon 和 John Albert Knott兩位美國學(xué)者共同編著的發(fā)音詞典A Pronouncing Dictionary of American1956中用于標(biāo)注美式發(fā)音的符號(hào)系統(tǒng), 這是一套最常用的也是最權(quán)威的注音法，從此人們把美語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)音慣稱為KK音標(biāo)。
DJ是根據(jù)英國學(xué)者Daniel Jones編的英語發(fā)音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的標(biāo)音而來.
英式讀音根據(jù)的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英語正音辭典》。它們代表了被稱為“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)讀音）的讀音，這在受過教育的英國人尤其是南部英格蘭人中通用。
1888年國際語音協(xié)會(huì) (International Phonetic Association) 的語言學(xué)家便制定出一套可國際通用的語音符號(hào)叫國際音標(biāo)符號(hào) (IPA―International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一個(gè)符號(hào)代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符號(hào)所產(chǎn)生的不便。
國內(nèi)的英文字典里最常見的音標(biāo)為英式發(fā)音的國際音標(biāo) (DJ) 和美式發(fā)音的KK音標(biāo)，前者乃根據(jù)Daniel Jones編的英語發(fā)音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者則是根據(jù)John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美語發(fā)音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。值得一提的是，KK音標(biāo)所使用的符號(hào)均從前面提到的國際音標(biāo)符號(hào) (IPA) 而來，Kenyon & Knott二氏僅將其中適用于美式英語的符號(hào)截取出來。
音素: 音的最小單位,英語中有48個(gè)音素.
音節(jié): 由元音和輔音構(gòu)成的發(fā)音單位.
元音: 發(fā)音響亮,是樂音,口腔中氣流不受阻礙,是音節(jié)的主要組成部分.英語中有20個(gè)元音.
輔音: 發(fā)音不響亮,是噪音,口腔中氣流受到阻礙,不是音節(jié)的重要組成部分,英語中有28個(gè)輔音.
開音節(jié): 1)輔音+元音+輔音+不發(fā)音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine
2)輔音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello
閉音節(jié): 1)輔音+元音+輔音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head
2)元音+輔音 it is of in on up out ant
…舉例子我覺得沒什么必要，我上初中讀音標(biāo)就是不會(huì)啊，雖然每個(gè)元音輔音都會(huì)，怎么辦呢？你就讀你會(huì)讀的，自己慢慢尋找發(fā)音規(guī)律，多讀，這個(gè)是自然而成的，規(guī)則這種東西，記不記得無所謂
網(wǎng)上有真人版教讀音，你搜一下就可以找到，還是很簡單的。你如果在南京 ，可以和我直接聯(lián)系，我可以教。